دانلود Laracasts – MySQL Database Design

Developers often dive in without taking the necessary time to learn the fundamentals of the technologies they’re using. Basic database design is a perfect example of this, unfortunately. Let’s fix this. Step by step, I’ll introduce you to the techniques and jargon that you’ve been meaning to learn for years now.

Section 1  Setup

1. The Example MySQL Database – Run Time 2:44

Before we begin, let’s import an example MySQL database to toy around with. We’ll use the popular Sakila database, available on MySQL’s main website.

Section 2  Keys

2. Primary and Foreign Keys – Run Time 6:31

If a primary key is a unique identifier for a record within a table, then a foreign key is a reference to a primary key on a foreign table.

3. Foreign Key Constraints – Run Time 13:09

A constraint allows you to protect the integrity of your database tables. Imagine an order that is associated with a customer who no longer exists in your system. Luckily, we can guard ourselves against such orphans.

4. Laravel and Foreign Key Constraints – Run Time 6:06

Now that you understand keys a bit more, let’s switch over to a fresh Laravel app and review how we can represent these relationships and constraints through Laravel migrations.

Section 3  Joins

5. The Difference Between MySQL Join Types – Run Time 5:35

If the various MySQL join types confuse you, don’t worry: you’re not the only one. Inner Join, Outer Join, Left Join, Right Join…what the heck? But, as it turns out, once you understand the basic structure of a join, everything else should quickly fall into place. In this episode, we’ll review everything you need to know.

6. Group Results With Aggregate Functions – Run Time 7:13

An excellent way to learn MySQL is to ask yourself: “If this was my domain, what sorts of questions might I ask?” One such question might be, “How many movies has each user rented?” To calculate numbers like this, we’ll leverage MySQL aggregate functions and the GROUP BY clause.

7. Multiple Joins in One Query – Run Time 7:12

If necessary, you can join any number of tables as part of your SELECT statement. In this episode, we’ll add a second LEFT JOIN clause to the query we wrote in the previous episode. This will also give us the opportunity to discuss subqueries.

8. Filtering Aggregated Data – Run Time 5:41

Here’s another question we might ask: “Which movies have been the most profitable?” Once we solve this riddle, we can then answer a second question based on that information: “Of those results, which movies have made at least $200?”

Section 4  Relationships

9. One-to-One – Run Time 7:59

A “one-to-one” database relationship is incredibly simple to understand. If you can say that a single record from one table is related to a single record from another table, in both directions, then you have a one-to-one relationship. Here are a few examples to get you started: “A person has one social security number.” “A subscriber has one profile.” “A manager has one team.”

10. One-to-Many – Run Time 4:02

A one-to-many relationship is the second easiest to understand. A user may have many posts. A post may have many comments. A team may have many members. In each of these examples, a single record is related to any number of related records from a related table.

11. Many-to-Many – Run Time 9:47

Many-to-many is one of the more confusing relationships to understand – at least initially. The most common example consists of posts and tags. Notice that any one post may have multiple tags, and any one tag may be associated with multiple posts. In situations such as this, a connection may be created between the two tables by constructing a linking table. Let’s review the workflow.

12. Use Unique Keys to Avoid Duplication – Run Time 3:57

There’s one issue that we didn’t address in the previous episode on many-to-many relationships. Currently, there’s nothing keeping us from creating multiple records with identical post_id and tag_id combinations. Let’s apply a UNIQUE index to solve this problem.

Section 5  Indexing

13. Apply an Index to Drastically Improve Performance – Run Time 5:49

Database indexing can be a fairly confusing topic – at least initially. Over the next few episodes, let’s review a series of examples that illustrate precisely why, when, and how you should apply an index.

14. Reduce a Query From 12 Seconds to 1 Millisecond – Run Time 6:46

Now that you have a basic understanding of indexing, let’s review another example. If you’re not careful, even with an index, a slight tweak to your query has the potential to skyrocket the time it takes to execute.

15. MySQL Automatically Creates an Index for Foreign Keys – Run Time 3:01

As it turns out, when registering a new foreign key constraint, MySQL will automatically generate an index if you don’t include one. This is done to guarantee the best possible performance when filtering based on one of these keys.

Section 6  Exercises

16. Fetch the Most Popular Authors – Run Time 4:01

Let’s begin working through some basic exercises. Using our blogging system, imagine that your boss wants to give a bonus to the ten most popular writers. Let’s write a SQL query to determine who these people are.

17. Determine the Average Rentals Per Day – Run Time 2:53

For this next exercise, we’ll return to the sample Sakila database. This time, your boss wants to know the average number of movie rentals per day across the entire business. Let’s calculate that number in this episode.

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